IPB

Welcome Guest ( Log In | Register )

Earth To Mars In 3hrs **no Joke**
Marslauncher
post Jan 5 2006, 05:57 PM
Post #1


Junior Member
**

Group: Members
Posts: 60
Joined: 22-October 04
Member No.: 102



Just got tipped off to this story

http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=16902006

Here is the paper

http://www.uibk.ac.at/c/cb/cb26/heim/theor...sicsaip2005.pdf


They could feasibly have a prototype within 5 years!!!

Happy New Year indeed everyone.
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
 
Start new topic
Replies
Guest_DonPMitchell_*
post May 9 2006, 09:05 PM
Post #2





Guests






I looked at some of Heim's work, and I believe he was a crank. His papers are a schizophrenic word salad of algebra, where he derives "fundamental constants" by feeding in mysterious parameters and massaging them into values close to the mass of the neutron or electron. Of course, today we know that most of the particles he talked about are not actually fundamental, but are constructs of quarks. The mass of a proton is the result of a very complex set of factors, and not what you would expect to pop out of some kind of new fundamental theory.

I also asked two honest-to-god physicists about Heim (including Stephen Wolfram), and they concurred. Wolfram pointed out that the observation of neutron stars, which have been carried out with almost unbelievable accuracy over long periods of time, do not indicate anything that deviates from general relativity and electromagnetism.

There are also people who believe that the US is hiding secret anti-gravity technology -- either secret Nazi experiments or found in the Roswell flying saucer, depending on which nut you listen to. Believe it or not, I got into an argument about this with Andrew Walker at the BBC, who believed and reported this (the Nazi version, not the UFO version).

Let's not waste time with hoaxes when there is so much exciting real science to do.
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
Guest_Richard Trigaux_*
post May 10 2006, 08:10 AM
Post #3





Guests






QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 9 2006, 09:05 PM) *
I looked at some of Heim's work, and I believe he was a crank. His papers are a schizophrenic word salad of algebra, where he derives "fundamental constants" by feeding in mysterious parameters and massaging them into values close to the mass of the neutron or electron. Of course, today we know that most of the particles he talked about are not actually fundamental, but are constructs of quarks. The mass of a proton is the result of a very complex set of factors, and not what you would expect to pop out of some kind of new fundamental theory.

I also asked two honest-to-god physicists about Heim (including Stephen Wolfram), and they concurred. Wolfram pointed out that the observation of neutron stars, which have been carried out with almost unbelievable accuracy over long periods of time, do not indicate anything that deviates from general relativity and electromagnetism.

There are also people who believe that the US is hiding secret anti-gravity technology -- either secret Nazi experiments or found in the Roswell flying saucer, depending on which nut you listen to. Believe it or not, I got into an argument about this with Andrew Walker at the BBC, who believed and reported this (the Nazi version, not the UFO version).

Let's not waste time with hoaxes when there is so much exciting real science to do.



hmmm... Heim theory was a bit too beautiful to be true.

The problem with Heim is that it cannot simply be proven/dismissed. The stories of conspiracy/roswell can easily be proved false (it fall under common sense). But Heim mathematics are complicated, so only high scientist can judge them.

After Heim theory, quick rotation and strong electromagnetic fields should result into gravitationnal fields. Such fields should be easily observable into neutron stars, from where the pertinence of their observation (as I noted higher in this thread). Too bad if nothing was found.

I am still cautious though, because it would not be the first time that high establishment scientists dismiss a new theory or discovery which afterwards turns to be true (like Lord Kelvin with the X rays). But It would not be the first time too that "new revolutionary theories" turns to be false...
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
Guest_DonPMitchell_*
post May 10 2006, 11:15 AM
Post #4





Guests






QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 10 2006, 01:10 AM) *
I am still cautious though, because it would not be the first time that high establishment scientists dismiss a new theory or discovery which afterwards turns to be true (like Lord Kelvin with the X rays). But It would not be the first time too that "new revolutionary theories" turns to be false...


Heim's theory is not really beautiful, it is a tangle of random algebra. My own education in Physics was up to graduate level (at Caltech), but I do not practice physics as a profession, which is why I asked two real physicists for their opinions. Real scientists of merit do not take Heim seriously.

There have been a number of these attempts to unify gravity and E&M, and Einstein himself looked at some of them to see if they could be fixed up, or if they had some intersting clue within them. So have quantum field theoriests, since there is sometimes what is called a "correspondance" between a classical field theory and a quantum theory. Wrong theories are a dime a dozen.

There is always the possibility that a lone revolutionary scientist can be right. But if you take Einstein for example, his papers are clear and rigorous, and he engaged in a public discussion with the community of scientists. He was just a patent clerk, but the scientific community recognized his work quickly.

On the other hand, crank scientists are often seriously NPD. They are so confident and in love with their own ideas, that they don't bother to learn real science to an advanced degree, and they quickly resort to the tired claims of conspiracy, when their ideas are not hailed by others. That's bogus. Scientists are always clamoring for new ideas and solutions. You couldn't create a conspiracy of egotistical academics to supress something interesting, it would be like trying to herd cats. If something was really interesting, if it solved a real problem and made sense, some budding ambitious young scientist would look into it.

I think from an education statepoint, there needs to be a better job of presenting to the public what real scientists do. 1) it is hard work to become an expert in a modern field, and 2) it is extremely rewarding work. Cranks and pundits try to take a shortcut, to elevate themselves to the status of "expert", which really annoys me.
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
Guest_Richard Trigaux_*
post May 11 2006, 09:27 AM
Post #5





Guests






QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 10 2006, 11:15 AM) *
There is always the possibility that a lone revolutionary scientist can be right. But if you take Einstein for example, his papers are clear and rigorous, and he engaged in a public discussion with the community of scientists. He was just a patent clerk, but the scientific community recognized his work quickly.


Heim theory is perhaps more difficult than relativity, and in more, Heim was severely impaired, forbidding him any social relation (A bit like Hawking, but worse, as he had no loving spouse to help him to communicate) and now he is dead.

So the problem of evaluating Heim and Einstein are comparable: only some high scientists are able to do so (to the contrary of, for instance, extracting energy from perpetual movement, or Roswell's affair, which could be dismissed by amateurs).

As you say, Einstein work was clear and rigorous, and the discussion with the science community allowed him to stay on an error-free trajectory. So his work was recognized, despites the fact he was not an establishment scientist, just a clerk.

For Heim, we just have to evaluate his complete work at a whole, and without the possibility of asking him for explanations. In the beginning of this thread, some said that there are high scientists who undertook this difficult task with some success, and now you come with your honest-to-god scientists saying that Heim work is just a tangle of random algebra. For this, I consider that the evaluation of Heim is not complete, but those who undertook it have to untangle it and make it understandable, if they want the other scientists to examine it.

This situation reminds me of Ramanujan, an Indian algebra genius, who left a dirty hand book full of hundreds of theorems, in a non-standard notation. When invited in the West, he died from health problems, and his supporters had to spend years to translate and re-demonstrate all his theorems, before Ramanujan was recognized by the mathematics community.

Was Heim some kind of Ramanujan of physics?
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
Guest_DonPMitchell_*
post May 11 2006, 10:48 AM
Post #6





Guests






QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 11 2006, 02:27 AM) *
Heim theory is perhaps more difficult than relativity, and in more, Heim was severely impaired, forbidding him any social relation (A bit like Hawking, but worse, as he had no loving spouse to help him to communicate) and now he is dead.

So the problem of evaluating Heim and Einstein are comparable: only some high scientists are able to do so (to the contrary of, for instance, extracting energy from perpetual movement, or Roswell's affair, which could be dismissed by amateurs).

As you say, Einstein work was clear and rigorous, and the discussion with the science community allowed him to stay on an error-free trajectory. So his work was recognized, despites the fact he was not an establishment scientist, just a clerk.

For Heim, we just have to evaluate his complete work at a whole, and without the possibility of asking him for explanations. In the beginning of this thread, some said that there are high scientists who undertook this difficult task with some success, and now you come with your honest-to-god scientists saying that Heim work is just a tangle of random algebra. For this, I consider that the evaluation of Heim is not complete, but those who undertook it have to untangle it and make it understandable, if they want the other scientists to examine it.

This situation reminds me of Ramanujan, an Indian algebra genius, who left a dirty hand book full of hundreds of theorems, in a non-standard notation. When invited in the West, he died from health problems, and his supporters had to spend years to translate and re-demonstrate all his theorems, before Ramanujan was recognized by the mathematics community.

Was Heim some kind of Ramanujan of physics?


More likely a Velikovsky of physics. He has his followers, even a few marginal academics.
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
Guest_Richard Trigaux_*
post May 11 2006, 11:14 AM
Post #7





Guests






QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 10:48 AM) *
More likely a Velikovsky of physics. He has his followers, even a few marginal academics.


Perhaps. In their time, Velikovsky theories (Venus bumping into Earth to create the Pacific ocean, and the like) were not easy to dismiss, even by professionnal astronomers. But they are easy to prove false today (we know that such a collision would have melted both planets, to form one or more different bodies). The fact that they have still supporters is troubling. But there are other famous examples, such as Tesla (yes THE Tesla) who never accepted relativity. Until his death in the 1940', he was still reasoning into the frame of the aether theory, leading him to think that there would be two kinds of electromagnetic waves: the known Maxwell's "vectorial" waves, and other "scalar" waves (equivalent of the seismic shear and compression waves, but into aether). Of course his theory of "scalar" waves was never even studied, in front of the tremendous success of the relativity. But this refusal is today presented as a censorship by kooks who support the "scalar waves", who say there are numerous devices using them, but who never show these devices actually working.
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
Guest_DonPMitchell_*
post May 11 2006, 12:07 PM
Post #8





Guests






QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 11 2006, 04:14 AM) *
Perhaps. In their time, Velikovsky theories (Venus bumping into Earth to create the Pacific ocean, and the like) were not easy to dismiss, even by professionnal astronomers. But they are easy to prove false today (we know that such a collision would have melted both planets, to form one or more different bodies). The fact that they have still supporters is troubling. But there are other famous examples, such as Tesla (yes THE Tesla) who never accepted relativity. Until his death in the 1940', he was still reasoning into the frame of the aether theory, leading him to think that there would be two kinds of electromagnetic waves: the known Maxwell's "vectorial" waves, and other "scalar" waves (equivalent of the seismic shear and compression waves, but into aether). Of course his theory of "scalar" waves was never even studied, in front of the tremendous success of the relativity. But this refusal is today presented as a censorship by kooks who support the "scalar waves", who say there are numerous devices using them, but who never show these devices actually working.


Astronomers have long been the leading experts in Newtonian mechanics. I don't think anyone who knew what conservation of angular momentum meant ever believed Velikovsky. He's popular in part because this theories support Young-Earth Creationism and tie astronomy to bible stories. For example, he said the plague of locust on Egypt were caused by the Venus comet, because, as we all know, "comets are infested by vermin". There's a time to be open minded, and there is a time to say, "Wait a minute, this is bullshit!".

I'm a fan of Tesla, but again, there is a huge amount of "new age" science woven around him. Tesla was smart, but he didn't really have a good knowledge of physics. For example, Tesla did not really understand the theory of radio waves, and claimed that radio communication was just induction with currents in the Earth. Even Maxwell and Hertz knew better than that.

Incidently, I have a page on Tesla: Nikola Tesla
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post
Guest_Richard Trigaux_*
post May 11 2006, 01:08 PM
Post #9





Guests






QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 12:07 PM) *
... Velikovsky. He's popular in part because this theories support Young-Earth Creationism and tie astronomy to bible stories. For example, he said the plague of locust on Egypt were caused by the Venus comet, because, as we all know, "comets are infested by vermin". There's a time to be open minded, and there is a time to say, "Wait a minute, this is bullshit!".


I did not knew all this about Velikovsky. Of course it is utter rubbish, from a physics point of view, and even from a religious point of view. Pardon me if I didn't studied Velikovsky in depth!!






QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 12:07 PM) *
I'm a fan of Tesla, but again, there is a huge amount of "new age" science woven around him. Tesla was smart, but he didn't really have a good knowledge of physics. For example, Tesla did not really understand the theory of radio waves, and claimed that radio communication was just induction with currents in the Earth. Even Maxwell and Hertz knew better than that.


Of course Tesla was an inventor, not a physicist, so he can be excused of some mistakes. But all that was extrapolated about the censorship of "Tesla Waves" and the like is defintively not his feat. There are some interesting things in the New Age, such as beautiful musics and paintings (that are not the point here) but it is true that there are a lot of rubbish, especially in "alternative physics". For such reason I don't involve in anything which claims to be "new age" and refuse to bear this name. I am a fan of freedom too, but we cannot accept anything and the contrary simply in the name of freedom...
Go to the top of the page
 
+Quote Post

Posts in this topic
- Marslauncher   Earth To Mars In 3hrs **no Joke**   Jan 5 2006, 05:57 PM
- - Bill Harris   Be careful... we don't want _them_ to find us....   Jan 5 2006, 06:22 PM
- - ElkGroveDan   QUOTE (Marslauncher @ Jan 5 2006, 05:57 PM)Th...   Jan 5 2006, 06:24 PM
- - Bob Shaw   This is the subject of the lead article in the 7 J...   Jan 5 2006, 06:26 PM
|- - Bob Shaw   I just had a brief look at the paper itself, which...   Jan 5 2006, 06:43 PM
- - Richard Trigaux   This seems too nice to be true. I read most of th...   Jan 5 2006, 08:58 PM
- - Decepticon   "Sulu ahead warp factor 6...Engage!"   Jan 5 2006, 09:11 PM
- - RNeuhaus   With this, we will be able to warp to follow to th...   Jan 5 2006, 09:43 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (RNeuhaus @ Jan 5 2006, 09:43 PM)With t...   Jan 6 2006, 07:06 AM
|- - RNeuhaus   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ Jan 6 2006, 02:06 AM...   Jan 6 2006, 04:32 PM
|- - ljk4-1   QUOTE (RNeuhaus @ Jan 6 2006, 11:32 AM)Many t...   Jan 6 2006, 05:32 PM
|- - RNeuhaus   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ Jan 6 2006, 12:32 PM)A p...   Jan 6 2006, 05:38 PM
- - nprev   A slim chance is better than none...and we really ...   Jan 5 2006, 11:26 PM
- - Stephen   QUOTE (Marslauncher @ Jan 5 2006, 05:57 PM)Ju...   Jan 6 2006, 01:52 AM
|- - ljk4-1   My questions - assuming for a moment this method e...   Jan 6 2006, 02:31 AM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ Jan 6 2006, 02:31 AM)* H...   Jan 6 2006, 06:46 AM
|- - chris   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ Jan 6 2006, 02:31 AM)* H...   Jan 6 2006, 10:43 AM
|- - mcaplinger   QUOTE (chris @ Jan 6 2006, 02:43 AM)There is ...   Jan 7 2006, 09:05 PM
- - deglr6328   Ughh. Is anyone else having visions of the Podklet...   Jan 6 2006, 06:09 AM
- - abalone   We could use cold fusion to power it, but dont let...   Jan 6 2006, 09:57 AM
- - edstrick   We *know* Einstein's relativity is incomplete....   Jan 6 2006, 10:40 AM
|- - abalone   QUOTE (edstrick @ Jan 6 2006, 09:40 PM)We *kn...   Jan 6 2006, 11:57 AM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (edstrick @ Jan 6 2006, 10:40 AM)We *kn...   Jan 6 2006, 11:58 AM
- - dvandorn   I don't think we're barking up the right t...   Jan 6 2006, 11:57 AM
|- - chris   QUOTE (dvandorn @ Jan 6 2006, 11:57 AM)And, B...   Jan 6 2006, 03:20 PM
|- - ljk4-1   QUOTE (chris @ Jan 6 2006, 10:20 AM)To say no...   Jan 6 2006, 03:22 PM
|- - ljk4-1   Some major tidbits from the New Scientist article:...   Jan 6 2006, 04:15 PM
||- - Bob Shaw   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ Jan 6 2006, 05:15 PM)So ...   Jan 6 2006, 11:01 PM
|- - Bob Shaw   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ Jan 6 2006, 04:22 PM)May...   Jan 6 2006, 10:52 PM
|- - ljk4-1   QUOTE (Bob Shaw @ Jan 6 2006, 05:52 PM)That j...   Jan 7 2006, 02:37 AM
|- - nprev   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ Jan 6 2006, 07:37 PM)So ...   Jan 7 2006, 03:11 AM
- - Myran   QUOTE Richard Trigaux said: "....although it ...   Jan 6 2006, 02:33 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (Myran @ Jan 6 2006, 02:33 PM)You refer...   Jan 6 2006, 04:35 PM
- - nprev   There certainly seems to be a confluence of both n...   Jan 6 2006, 11:24 PM
- - Richard Trigaux   What disturbs me the most in this theory is not th...   Jan 7 2006, 08:04 PM
|- - ljk4-1   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ Jan 7 2006, 03:04 PM...   Jan 7 2006, 08:38 PM
||- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ Jan 7 2006, 08:38 PM)The...   Jan 7 2006, 10:53 PM
|- - exoplanet   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ Jan 7 2006, 08:04 PM...   Jan 7 2006, 10:18 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (exoplanet @ Jan 7 2006, 10:18 PM)Exact...   Jan 7 2006, 11:35 PM
|- - ljk4-1   Two Internet sources on Heim: http://www.heim-the...   Jan 8 2006, 04:28 PM
- - RNeuhaus   No matter what Heim's has published, I do beli...   Jan 9 2006, 04:06 PM
|- - ljk4-1   The Centauri Dreams Web site has an article and li...   Jan 9 2006, 06:44 PM
- - Richard Trigaux   To be noted in this: Heim work may be false, we c...   Jan 9 2006, 07:01 PM
|- - ljk4-1   Marc Millis on Hyperspace Propulsion Centauri Dre...   Jan 11 2006, 10:40 PM
|- - ljk4-1   General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, abstract...   Jan 16 2006, 06:03 PM
- - Richard Trigaux   An interesting test of Heim theories could come fr...   Jan 22 2006, 10:25 AM
|- - Bob Shaw   I thought that during the T-Tauri phase there *wer...   Jan 22 2006, 02:53 PM
|- - ljk4-1   Astrophysics, abstract astro-ph/0512117 From: Jos...   Jan 30 2006, 07:26 PM
|- - ljk4-1   http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=541 On Travel C...   Feb 14 2006, 05:56 PM
|- - ljk4-1   'Antigravity' Propulsion System Proposed ...   Feb 16 2006, 07:14 PM
- - Steffen   As Carl Sagan always said ' 99% of the speed o...   Feb 19 2006, 10:49 AM
|- - dilo   Did someone noticed this article? http://www.nasa....   Apr 22 2006, 07:40 AM
|- - RNeuhaus   [quote name= quote in reply - removed [/quote] Tha...   Apr 22 2006, 04:05 PM
|- - ugordan   QUOTE (dilo @ Apr 22 2006, 08:40 AM) cons...   Apr 22 2006, 04:54 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (dilo @ Apr 22 2006, 07:40 AM) Did ...   Apr 22 2006, 05:04 PM
|- - dilo   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ Apr 22 2006, 05...   Apr 23 2006, 09:35 PM
|- - Bob Shaw   About the only vaguely feasible fast rocket system...   Apr 23 2006, 09:56 PM
- - tasp   I am reserving judgment on whether or not Vasimir ...   Apr 24 2006, 01:01 AM
- - ljk4-1   Another possible antimatter space drive concept is...   Apr 24 2006, 03:13 PM
- - DonPMitchell   I looked at some of Heim's work, and I believe...   May 9 2006, 09:05 PM
|- - helvick   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 9 2006, 10:05 P...   May 9 2006, 09:18 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 9 2006, 09:05 P...   May 10 2006, 08:10 AM
|- - DonPMitchell   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 10 2006, 01...   May 10 2006, 11:15 AM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 10 2006, 11:15 ...   May 10 2006, 12:12 PM
||- - DonPMitchell   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 10 2006, 05...   May 10 2006, 03:31 PM
||- - Bob Shaw   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 10 2006, 01...   May 10 2006, 05:42 PM
||- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (Bob Shaw @ May 10 2006, 05:42 PM) ...   May 10 2006, 06:08 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 10 2006, 11:15 ...   May 11 2006, 09:27 AM
|- - DonPMitchell   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 11 2006, 02...   May 11 2006, 10:48 AM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 10:48 ...   May 11 2006, 11:14 AM
|- - DonPMitchell   QUOTE (Richard Trigaux @ May 11 2006, 04...   May 11 2006, 12:07 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 12:07 ...   May 11 2006, 01:08 PM
|- - DonPMitchell   Yes. I agree. A year ago, the BBC found my Vener...   May 11 2006, 06:43 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 06:43 ...   May 11 2006, 07:03 PM
- - edstrick   In particular, regarding theories of massive rapid...   May 11 2006, 08:51 AM
- - BruceMoomaw   Anybody dumb enough to still believe in human prog...   May 12 2006, 01:27 AM
|- - DonPMitchell   QUOTE (BruceMoomaw @ May 11 2006, 06:27 P...   May 12 2006, 03:03 AM
|- - nprev   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 08:03 ...   May 12 2006, 04:47 AM
|- - Richard Trigaux   Good analysis too, nprev. Especially the beginni...   May 12 2006, 06:45 AM
|- - DonPMitchell   Science is a complex issue in America. Nerds may ...   May 12 2006, 04:57 PM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 12 2006, 04:57 ...   May 12 2006, 05:23 PM
- - RNeuhaus   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 11 2006, 01:43 ...   May 12 2006, 02:42 AM
|- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (RNeuhaus @ May 12 2006, 02:42 AM) ...   May 12 2006, 05:58 AM
- - ljk4-1   It may be easier to make antimatter in space by co...   May 24 2006, 09:15 PM
|- - Bob Shaw   QUOTE (ljk4-1 @ May 24 2006, 10:15 P...   May 24 2006, 09:32 PM
|- - tty   QUOTE (Bob Shaw @ May 24 2006, 11:32 PM) ...   May 25 2006, 05:36 PM
|- - tty   QUOTE (Bob Shaw @ May 24 2006, 11:32 PM) ...   May 25 2006, 05:50 PM
- - DonPMitchell   I see NASA defunded Marc Millis a while ago. I be...   May 24 2006, 09:52 PM
- - Stephen   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 24 2006, 09:52 ...   May 25 2006, 02:49 AM
- - Richard Trigaux   QUOTE (DonPMitchell @ May 24 2006, 09:52 ...   May 25 2006, 03:37 PM


Reply to this topicStart new topic

 



RSS Lo-Fi Version Time is now: 19th June 2024 - 04:57 AM
RULES AND GUIDELINES
Please read the Forum Rules and Guidelines before posting.

IMAGE COPYRIGHT
Images posted on UnmannedSpaceflight.com may be copyrighted. Do not reproduce without permission. Read here for further information on space images and copyright.

OPINIONS AND MODERATION
Opinions expressed on UnmannedSpaceflight.com are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of UnmannedSpaceflight.com or The Planetary Society. The all-volunteer UnmannedSpaceflight.com moderation team is wholly independent of The Planetary Society. The Planetary Society has no influence over decisions made by the UnmannedSpaceflight.com moderators.
SUPPORT THE FORUM
Unmannedspaceflight.com is funded by the Planetary Society. Please consider supporting our work and many other projects by donating to the Society or becoming a member.